Aprendendo com o caso do Paciente 31: Uma perspectiva transcultural sobre a capacidade de difusão de redes corporativas na América Latina

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18568/internext.v18i1.698

Palavras-chave:

COVID-19, Patient 31, social networks, power and influence, corporate networks, interlocking directorates, Latin America, cross-cultural management

Resumo

Objetivo: Este artigo teve como objetivo de discutir como os grandes linkers das redes corporativas constituem uma área de oportunidades de desenvolvimento na América Latina. Método: Empregamos uma análise qualitativa que mescla literatura de redes sociais e se baseia na teoria das diretorias interligada com um estudo de caso fascinante rotulado de fenômeno Paciente 31, que ocorreu durante o surto de coronavírus em Coreia do Sul. Principais Resultados: Geramos gestão e insights conceituais sobre os processos de difusão de práticas de negócios, que têm uma série de profundas implicações para a teoria e a prática sobre como as redes corporativas apresentam diferenças na sua capacidade de difusão. Relevância / Originalidade: Processos de contágio viral não são segredo para as ciências da saúde, mas ainda são pouco pesquisados no contexto das práticas gerenciais em relação aos processos de difusão. O vírus da COVID-19 tem sido (e é) uma ameaça significativa para a saúde global desde o início de 2020, bem como um desafio operacional para quase todas as organizações em todo o mundo. Contribuições Teóricas / Metodológicas: Os resultados destacam a alta dos superspreaders poder de difusão, alertam sobre os riscos de incluir espalhadores do tipo Paciente 31 como membros dos conselhos das empresas e também fornecem recomendações sobre como os formuladores de políticas poderia aproveitar essa capacidade de difusão pelas redes organizacionais.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Miguel Cordova, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

Associate Professor of Management at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Peru. Ph.D in Strategic Management and Sustainability. His research interests are Power and Influence in Organizations, Sustainability, Sustainable Supply Chain Management, and Entrepreneurship. He was a visiting professor at INSEEC Business School in Paris, UDD in Santiago, ESADE in Barcelona, and UDEM in Monterrey. He is Associate Editor of the International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education (Emerald), and Deputy Editor of 360 Journal of Management Sciences.

Cristina Sambrook, University of Birmingham

Associate Professor, Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham, UK. Director of the Executive MBA; research interests in Management (Cross Cultural Communication / Management, Leadership) and Marketing (Global Marketing). Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, UK.

Referências

Aguilera, R., Ciravegna, L., Cuervo-Cazurra, A. and Gonzalez-Perez, M. A. (2017). Multilatinas and the internationalization of Latin American firms. Journal of World Business, 52(4), 447-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.05.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.05.006

BBC (2019). What are the biggest threats to humanity? BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-47030233

BBC (2020). Caso de superpropagación de coronavirus en Corea del Sur: la mujer seguidora de una secta y sospechosa de infectar a decenas de personas. BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-51573105

Beckert, J. (2010). Institutional Isomorphism Revisited: Convergence and Divergence in Institutional Change. Sociological Theory, 28(2), 150-166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2010.01369.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2010.01369.x

Bhuiyan, Md. B. U. and Roudaki, J. (2018). Related party transactions and finance company failure: New Zealand evidence. Pacific Accounting Review, 30(2), 199-221. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAR-11-2016-0098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PAR-11-2016-0098

Bizjak, J., Lemmon, M. and Whitby, R. (2009). Option Backdating and Board Interlocks. The Review of Financial Studies, 22(11), 4821-4847. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhn120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhn120

Bouquet, C. and Birkinshaw, J. (2008). Managing power in the multinational corporation: how low-power actors gain influence. Journal of Management, 34(3), 477-508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308316062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308316062

Bucheli, M., Salvaj, E. and Kim, M. (2019). Better together: How multinationals come together with business groups in times of economic and political transitions. Global Strategy Journal, 9(2), 176-207. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1326

Cai, Y., Dhaliwal, D. S., Kim, Y. and Pan, C. (2014). Board interlocks and the diffusion of disclosure policy. Review of Accounting Studies, 19, 1086-1119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-014-9280-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-014-9280-0

Calatayud, A., Bedoya-Maya, F., Sánchez González, S. and Giraldez, F. (2022). Containing the spatial spread of COVID-19 through the trucking network. Transport Policy, 115, 4-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.10.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.10.022

Cárdenas, J. (2015). Are Latin America’s corporate elites transnationally interconnected? A network analysis of interlocking directorates. Global Networks, 15(4), 424-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12070 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12070

Chiu, P., Teoh, S. H. and Tian, F. (2013). Board interlocks and earnings management contagion. The Accounting Review, 88(3), 915-944. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50369 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50369

Choi, T. Y., Rogers, D. and Vakil, B. (2020). Coronavirus is a wake-up call for supply chain management. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2020/03/coronavirus-is-a-wake-up-call-for-supply-chain-management

Conyon, M. J. and Muldoon, M. R. (2006). The small world of corporate boards. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 33(9-10), 1321-1343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.2006.00634.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.2006.00634.x

Cordova, M. (2018). The evolution of interlocking directorates studies: a global trend perspective. AD-minister, 33(2), 135-165. https://doi.org/10.17230/ad-minister.33.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17230/ad-minister.33.7

Cordova, M. (2019). That is OK, he is a good fellow: introducing the outcomes dichotomy for corporate networks of interlocking directorates. Revista Academia & Negócios, 5(1), 123-134. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=3432045

Cordova, M. (2020). Structure analysis of the corporate network of interlocking directorates in Peru. Retrieved from https://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/20.500.12404/17497

Davis, G. F. and Greve, H. R. (1997). Corporate elite networks and governance changes in the 1980s. American Journal of Sociology, 103(1), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1086/231170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/231170

Davis, G. F. and Mizruchi, M. S. (1999). The money center cannot hold: commercial banks in the U.S. system of corporate governance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 215-239. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666995 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2666995

De Jong, A., Fliers, P. T. and Westerhuis, G. (2021). Exceptional big linkers: Dutch evidence from the 20th century. Business History, 63(7), 1144-1174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2019.1676736 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2019.1676736

Dooley, P. C. (1969). The interlocking directorate. The American Economic Review, 59(3), 314-323.

Durand, F. (2019). La captura del Estado en América Latina: reflexiones teóricas. Fondo Editorial PUCP; OXFAM, 2019.

Fattobene, L., Caiffa, M. and Di Carlo, E. (2018). Interlocking directorship across Italian listed companies: evidence from a natural experiment. Journal of Management and Governance, 22, 393-425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-017-9392-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-017-9392-6

Fich, E. M. and Shivdasani, A. (2007). Financial fraud, director reputation, and shareholder wealth. Journal of Financial Economics, 86(2), 306-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.05.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.05.012

Fonseka, M. M., Al Farooque, O., Rajapakse, R. L. T. N. and Tian, G. (2018). Political and interlocking connections in the boardroom on private equity placements. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(9), 2053-2077. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2017.1355300 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2017.1355300

Fracassi, C. (2016). Corporate finance policies and social networks. Management Science, 63(8), 2420-2438. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2433

Fracassi, C. and Tate, G. (2012). External networking and internal firm governance. The Journal of Finance, 67(1), 153-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2011.01706.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2011.01706.x

Gallagher, J. (2020). Coronavirus: quiénes son los superpropagadores y por qué tienen tanta importancia en el brote de la neumonía de Wuhan. BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-51452499

Ginesti, G., Sannino, G. and Drago, C. (2017). Board connections and management commentary readability: the role of information sharing in Italy. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 17(1), 30-47. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-01-2016-0015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-01-2016-0015

Gladwell, M. (1999). Six degrees of Lois Weisberg. The New Yorker. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/01/11/six-degrees-of-lois-weisberg

Godigbe, B. G., Chui, C. M. and Liu, C.-L. (2018). Directors network centrality and earnings quality. Applied Economics, 50(50), 5381-5400. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1486992 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1486992

Gonzalez-Perez, M. A. (2022). Regenerative and sustainable futures for Latin America and the Caribbean: collective action for a region with a better tomorrow. Emerald. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/9781801178648

Gonzalez-Perez, M. A. and Velez-Ocampo, J. F. (2014). Targeting their own region: Internationalisation trends of Colombian multinational companies. European Business Review, 26(6), 531-555. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-03-2013-0056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-03-2013-0056

Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510. https://doi.org/10.1086/228311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/228311

Gu, W., Luo, J. and Liu, J. (2019). Exploring small-world network with an elite-clique: Bringing embeddedness theory into the dynamic evolution of a venture capital network. Social Networks, 57, 70-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2018.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2018.11.002

Haunschild, P. R. and Beckman, C. M. (1998). When do interlocks matter?: Alternate sources of information and interlock influence. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(4), 815-844. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393617 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393617

Ikizler, H. (2019). Contagion of network products in small-world networks. Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, 14, 789-809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11403-019-00251-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11403-019-00251-8

Illingworth, C. J. R., Hamilton, W. L., Warne, B., Routledge, M., Popay, A., Jackson, C., Fieldman, T., Meredith, L. W., Houdlcroft, C. J., Hosmillo, M., Jahun, A. S., Caller, L. G., Caddy, S. L., Yakovleva, A., Hall, G., Khokhar, F. A., Feltwell, T., Pinckert, M. L., … Török, M. E. (2021). Superspreaders drive the largest outbreaks of hospital onset COVID-19 infections. Evolutionary Biology. Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 10, e67308. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.67308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.67308

Johansen, T. R. and Pettersson, K. (2013). The impact of board interlocks on auditor choice and audit fees. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 21(3), 287-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12013

Khanna, T. and Rivkin, J. W. (2006). Interorganizational ties and business group boundaries: evidence from an emerging economy. Organization Science, 17(3), 333-352. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1060.0188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1060.0188

Khanna, T. and Thomas, C. (2009). Synchronicity and firm interlocks in an emerging market. Journal of Financial Economics, 92(2), 182-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.03.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.03.005

Lluch, A., Salvaj, E. and Barbero, M. I. (2014). Corporate networks and business groups in Argentina in the early 1970s. Australian Economic History Review, 54(2), 183-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12044

Ma, J. and DeDeo, S. (2018). State power and elite autonomy in a networked civil society: The board interlocking of Chinese non-profits. Social Networks, 54, 291-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2017.10.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2017.10.001

Milgram, S. (1967). The small-world problem. Psychology Today, 1(1), 61-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e400002009-005

Mizruchi, M. S. (1996). What do interlocks do? An analysis, critique, and assessment of research on interlocking directorates. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 271-298. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.271 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.271

Mizruchi, M. S. and Brewster Stearns, L. (1988). A Longitudinal Study of the Formation of Interlocking Directorates. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33(2), 194-210. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393055

Mizruchi, M. S. and Brewster Stearns, L. (1994). A longitudinal study of borrowing by large american corporations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(1), 118-140. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393496 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393496

Moore, G., Sobieraj, S., Allen Whitt, J., Mayorova, O. and Beaulieu, D. (2002). Elite interlocks in three U.S. sectors: nonprofit, corporate, and government. Social Science Quarterly, 83(3), 726-744. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.00111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.00111

Musacchio, A. and Read, I. (2007). Bankers, industrialists, and their cliques: elite networks in Mexico and Brazil during early industrialization. Enterprise & Society, 8(4), 842-880. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1467222700006479 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1467222700006479

Newman, M. E. J. (2003). The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Review, 45(2), 167-256. https://doi.org/10.1137/S003614450342480 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1137/S003614450342480

Ortiz-de-Mandojana, N., Aragon-Correa, J. A., Delgado-Ceballos, J. and Ferron-Vilchez, V. (2012). The effect of director interlocks on firms’ adoption of proactive environmental strategies. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 20(2), 164-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2011.00893.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2011.00893.x

Palmer, D. (1983). Broken ties: interlocking directorates and intercorporate coordination. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(1), 40-55. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392384 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2392384

Peng, M. W., Sun, S. L., Pinkham, B. and Chen, H. (2009). The institution-based view as a third leg for a strategy tripod. Academy of Management Perspectives, 23(3), 63-81. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2009.43479264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2009.43479264

Pfeffer, J. (1972). Size and composition of corporate boards of directors: the organization and its environment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(2), 218-228. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393956 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393956

Pombo, C. and Gutiérrez, L. H. (2011). Outside directors, board interlocks and firm performance: empirical evidence from Colombian business groups. Journal of Economics and Business, 63(4), 251-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2011.01.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2011.01.002

Pueyo, T. (2020). Coronavirus: why you must act now. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@tomaspueyo/coronavirus-act-today-or-people-will-die-f4d3d9cd99ca

Reuters (2020). The Korean clusters. Retrieved from https://graphics.reuters.com/CHINA-HEALTH-SOUTHKOREA-CLUSTERS/0100B5G33SB/index.html

Román, J., Cancino, C. A., & Gallizo, J. L. (2017). Exploring features and opportunities of rapid-growth wine firms in Chile. Estudios Gerenciales, 33(143), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2017.02.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2017.02.004

Salvaj, E. (2013). Cohesión y homogeneidad. Evolución de la red de directorios de las grandes empresas en Chile, 1969-2005. In J. Ossandón and E. Tironi (Eds.), Adaptación: la empresa chilena después de Friedman (pp. 55-84). Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales.

Salvaj, E. and Couyoumdjian, J. P. (2016). “Interlocked” business groups and the state in Chile. Business History, 58(1), 129-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2015.1044517 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2015.1044517

Schneider, B. R. (2013). Hierarchical capitalism in Latin America: business, labor, and the challenges of equitable development. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107300446 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107300446

Schnettler, S. (2009). A structured overview of 50 years of small-world research. Social Networks, 31(3), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2008.12.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2008.12.004

Sheikhahmadi, A. and Nematbakhsh, M. A. (2017). Identification of multi-spreader users in social networks for viral marketing. Journal of Information Science, 43(3), 412-423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551516644171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551516644171

Shin, Y., Berkowitz, B. and Kim, M. J. (2020). How a South Korean church helped fuel the spread of the coronavirus. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/world/coronavirus-south-korea-church/

Shipilov, A. V., Greve, H. R. and Rowley, T. J. (2010). When do interlocks matter? Institutional logics and the diffusion of multiple corporate governance practices. The Academy of Management Journal, 53(4), 846-864. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2010.52814614 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.52814614

Shropshire, C. (2010). The role of the interlocking director and board receptivity in the diffusion of practices. The Academy of Management Review, 35(2), 246-264. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.35.2.zok246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.35.2.zok246

Smith, M. and Sarabi, Y. (2021). “What do interlocks do” revisited – a bibliometric analysis. Management Research Review, 44(4), 642-659. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-05-2020-0258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-05-2020-0258

Stuart, T. E. and Yim, S. (2010). Board interlocks and the propensity to be targeted in private equity transactions. Journal of Financial Economics, 97(1), 174-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.03.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.03.012

Szalacha, J. (2011). Interlocking directorates and possible conflict of interests. Polish Sociological Review, (174), 205-216.

Travers, J. and Milgram, S. (1969). An experimental study of the small world problem. Sociometry, 32(4), 425-443. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786545 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2786545

Trompenaars, F. and Hampden-Turner, C. (2003). Riding the waves of culture: understanding cultural diversity in business, London-UK (2nd ed.). Nicholas Brealey Publishing.

Tsadikovich, D., Kamble, A. and Elalouf, A. (2020). Controlled information spread for population preparedness in disaster operations management. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 42, 101338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101338 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101338

Uzzi, B. and Spiro, J. (2005). Collaboration and creativity: the small world problem. American Journal of Sociology, 111(2), 447-504. https://doi.org/10.1086/432782 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/432782

Vassolo, R. S., De Castro, J. O. and Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2012). Managing in Latin America: common issues and a research agenda. Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(4), 22-36. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2011.0129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2011.0129

Wang, S., Cheng, W. and Mei, G. (2019). Efficient method for improving the spreading efficiency in small-world networks and assortative scale-free networks. IEEE Access, 7, 46122-46134. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2909051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2909051

World Economic Forum (WEF) (2019). The Global Risks Report 2019 (14th ed). World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risks_Report_2019.pdf

World Health Organization (WHO) (2020a). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation report – 41. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200301-sitrep-41-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=6768306d_2

World Health Organization (WHO) (2020b). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020

Worldometer (2022). COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Worldometer. Retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/

Yin, R. (1994). Case study research: design and methods. Applied Social Research Methods Series (2nd Ed.). London: Sage.

Zajac, E. J. (2017). Interlocking directorates as an interorganizational strategy: a test of critical assumptions. The Academy of Management Journal, 31(2), 428-438. https://doi.org/10.5465/256558 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/256558

Zeng, Q., Liu, Y., Tang, M. and Gong, J. (2021). Identifying super-spreaders in information–epidemic coevolving dynamics on multiplex networks. Knowledge-Based Systems, 229, 107365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2021.107365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2021.107365

Downloads

Publicado

2022-12-08

Como Citar

Cordova, M., & Sambrook, C. (2022). Aprendendo com o caso do Paciente 31: Uma perspectiva transcultural sobre a capacidade de difusão de redes corporativas na América Latina. Internext, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.18568/internext.v18i1.698

Edição

Seção

Special Issue: International Business in Latin America & Caribbean